Te take a Olivier Hamant mō te pakari, me ngā mea e tonoa ana e ia ki ngā hanganga e hangaia ana e tātou
Tīmatahia ki tētahi kupu kua whakarerekē huna i tō tātou whakaaro.
Mo te toru tekau tau, kua tohu te kupu "impact" ki tētahi ahunga kotahi: te pānga o ā mātou mahi ki te taiao. Me ine i te tapuwae, me whakaiti i te nui, me pūrongo i te whakaitenga. He wetereo tūtoa-ki-raro.
E whakapae ana ia e mahi ana tātou, ā, ka whiwhi te ao i ā tātou mahi; ko tātou te mea e whakahaerehia ana.
Ka tūtohu te kairangahau koiora Wīwī, a Olivier Hamant, kia huri i tēnei. Ko te pātai e tino hira ana ināianei, e ai ki a ia, ko te pānga o te taiao ki ā tātou mahi. Ka rerekē ngā mea katoa ina huri koe i te mata o te pere. Ko te anga tuatahi e whakaponohia ana he mana whakahaere.
Ko te tuarua e whakaponohia ana te rereke, ā, e pātai ana he aha ngā mea me hanga kia ora ai tātou i roto i taua rereke.
Ko te rārangi kupu he hanganga. Ko ngā kupu e wātea ana ki tētahi rōpū hoahoa e tautuhi ana i ngā pūnaha ka taea te whakaaro, ko ēhea whakawhitinga ka kitea hei utu, hei āhuatanga rānei, ā, ko ēhea hapa ka mārama hei hapa. Mēnā kotahi anake te kupu "optimisation" kei te rōpū, ka whakapai tonu rātou, ā, ka kitea e rātou hei whakapau kē ngā take katoa mō te wātea.
Ko tēnei tuhinga e pā ana ki tētahi kohinga mahi e whakarato ana i ngā kupu kua ngaro, me ngā hua ka puta ina whakamātauria aua kupu ki ngā hanganga kua oti kē te hanga.
He kairangahau tipu a Hamant. Ko ia te kaiwhakahaere rangahau i INRAE i roto i te École normale supérieure de Lyon, ā, ko ia hoki te kaiwhakahaere o te Institut Michel Serres, e mahi ana ki ngā rawa taiao me ngā rawa tūmatanui, ā, e whakaatu ana i te pakari hei kotahi o āna ariā whakatū e whā.
Kua whakaputaina e ia tata ki te kotahi rau pepa mō te pūtaiao-ā-ora me te whanaketanga otaota, ā, i whiwhi ia i tētahi tohu dokita honore nō UCLouvain i Hui-tanguru 2026.[1] Ko te aronga kōrero e whai ake nei i ahu mai i te ine i te tipu o ngā pūtau.
Ko tana tātaritanga mō te rau tau kua whakakōpaki ki tētahi rerenga kōrero: kei te wehe tātou i te ao o te toharite, ā, kei te kuhu ki te ao o te wehenga paerewa. Te wehe i te mau tonu mō te pakaru.
Ko te mea kotahi anake e mōhiotia ana, e ai ki a ia, ko te kore mōhio ka mau tonu, ka tipu ake.[2]
E ai ki a ia, ehara tēnei i te mea nā tētahi kaupapa mātauranga kotahi anake, engari nā te pūrongo whakakotahi a te IPCC, IPBES, IUCN, te World Economic Forum, tae noa atu ki te CIA, ā, ka whai i tōna takenga ki a Donella Meadows me ōna hoa mahi i roto i The Limits to Growth (1972).[3] Ahakoa ngā whakaaro mō ngā tōrangapū o ēnei rōpū, ko tā rātou kitenga he mea hanganga, ehara i te mea ariā: kei te piki haere te rerekētanga, ā, ka tutaki ngā pūnaha i whakaritea mō te toharite ki ngā āhuatanga kāore i whakaritea ai.
Ka whai ake te kerēme e mahi ana i te mahi tūturu. Ehara te ao hurihuri i te mea i pā mai ki a mātou. Ko tā mātou ake whakapainga ake i whakaputa.
Ko te mahi whaihua, i te whakamārama a Hamant, he whaihua (te tae ki te whāinga) me te whai hua (mā te whakamahi i ngā rauemi iti rawa). Kāore he taonga. Ka tae i te wā tika. Whakakotahitanga pakari. He tino urutau tēnei ki tētahi ao pumau me ngā rauemi nui, ā, koinei tonu te mea e huri ana i tētahi pakarutanga iti hei pakarutanga pūnaha.
I aukatia a Suez e tētahi kaipuke ipu kotahi i te tau 2021, ā, i whakamutu te hokohoko o te ao mō tētahi wiki. I tukuna tētahi whakahōu pūmanawa i te tau 2024, ā, ka mutu ngā taunga rererangi. Ka tutaki tētahi huaketo kāore i tino mōrearea ki tētahi ao tino honohono, tino whakapaingia hoki, ā, ka huri hei mate urutā. He syndemic, i tana whakamārama: he mate nō tētahi pūnaha kua tino whakapaingia rawa.[4]
I tapaina tēnei e te kairangahau pāpori a Charles Perrow i roto i tana pukapuka Normal Accidents: Living with High-Risk Technologies (1984). I roto i ngā pūnaha e tino matatini ana, e tino whakawhirinaki ana hoki, ehara ngā aitua i ngā hē hei whakakore mā te hangarau. He āhuatanga nō te whakaritenga.
Ehara te pātai i te mēnā, engari ko te āhea, ā, he aha ka whai ake.[5]
Hei whakataetae ki te whaihua, ka whakatūria e Hamant te pakari: te āheinga o tētahi pūnaha kia noho pumau i te wā poto, kia ora tonu i te wā roa ahakoa ngā huringa. Ehara i te whakapai rawa te ōhanga e hāngai ana, engari ko te oranga tonutanga. Arā, pēnei i tāna kī, ka rapu kia noho i raro iho i te taumata pai rawa.
Ka kī ia ko te ariā oranga a Jean-Pierre Aubin, he kaitātai Pākehā nō Wīwī, hei āhua pāngarau mō tēnei: ehara i te ara e anga ana ki te tino pai, engari he rohe herea kia noho ai tōna wāhi. [6] (Ka whakahuatia a Aubin i konei i te wā e whakahī ana a Hamant i a ia; kāore mātou i toro ki ngā tuhinga pāngarau taketake.)
Ko te koiora kei muri i tēnei he mea tūturu, ā, kua arotakina e ōna hoa. He tino ōrite ngā wāhanga otaota; he āhua kotahi ngā putiputi katoa i runga i te peka, engari i hangaia ēnei i ngā pūtau e tipu ana i ngā tere tino rerekē. Ehara taua rerekētanga i te haruru i hē i te kararehe ki te whakakore. Ka pupuritia taua rerekētanga, ā, ka āwhina ki te whakaputa i te wāhanga kāore e huri.
Ka puta ko te rereketanga ā-rohe he tohu whakaako, ehara i te kupu hapa.[7]
I te whānui, ka noho tēnei hei kerēme mō ngā pūnaha anō. Ka hangaia te pakari i runga i te rārangi katoa o ngā mea e kīia ana e te ahurea whakatutukitanga he hē:[8]
| Ko te ao mahi whakaaturanga e kī ana ko tēnei… | …ā, ko te ao pakari e kī ana ko |
|---|---|
| Rawa tū, āheinga kāore i whakamahia | Te taha — he aha e ngongo ana i te pāhekeheke kāore i tauiraia e te tangata |
| Tārite, whakawhānuitanga whakapōrearea | Te nui rawa atu — he nui ake i te kotahi o ngā mea e hira ana |
| Kore taurite i waenga i ngā wāhanga | Rerekētanga — ngā wāhanga kāore e hinga i te ara kotahi |
| Te roa o te whakaroa, te aukatinga, te whakaroa | Te pōturi — te wā kia tae te whakatikatika i mua i te panoni e whai ake |
| Rerekētanga ā-roto | Kore taurite — te rerekētanga kāore i whakapaihia kia ngaro |
| He kaiwhakarato kotahi tino pai | He wāhi kotahi ka rahua |
Ka toro a Hamant ki a Ivan Illich hei ingoa i te pūnaha, ā, ka nama i te kupu mai i te pukapuka *Tools for Conviviality* (1973). Kaitāhūhū: te wāhanga ka whakaitia ai te pakari i ia pikinga o te mahi. Kia whiti atu i taua pae, ka kino ake tō pakari ki te ora ake i a koe e pai ake ana ki taua mahi.[9]
Ka whai ake e rua ngā hua.
Ko te tuatahi he hurihanga o te hononga ngoikore rawa. I roto i te ao pumau, nui ngā rauemi, ko te hononga ngoikore i roto i te mekameka uara ko te mea iti rawa tana mahi, nā te mea ka whakaroa i te katoa. I roto i te ao kore pumau, ko te hononga ngoikore ko te mea tino kaha rawa tana mahi. Nā te mea kua tino whakapaingia, ā, nō reira he tino pakaru. Ehara i te mea he manakohanga hoko te whakawhirinaki ki te kaiwhakarato tere rawa, iti rawa te utu, tino kaha rawa hoki.
He herenga hanganga tēnei e tae mai ana i raro i te āhua o te māia.[10]
Ko te tuarua, ehara te pakari i te tūnga matatika. He mārama a Hamant: he tohutaka tēnei hei hanga i te toitūtanga i roto i te ao e hurihuri ana. Ka taea te whakapuaki i tēnei kōrero ki ngā tāngata kāore e whakaae ki ngā kaupapa tōrangapū, ā, mā reira e kore ai e uru te korerorero ki te reo whakahau matatika, ko reira te wāhi e mate ai te nuinga o ngā tuhinga mō te hangarau me te taiao.[11]
Nā reira, he aha tā tēnei e kī ana mō te mātauranga hangarua?
Ehara a Hamant i te tangata kore taha i konei. I te pātai tika mēnā ka āwhina mai te AI whakaputa i a tātou ki te aro ki ngā huringa kei mua i a tātou, ka whakaae ia he kotahi anake te whakamahinga: te tūponotanga pai. Ko te whakaaturanga ki ngā puna kāore i te mōhiotia, ki ētahi atu raraunga, ki ētahi atu whakaaro, e tino kanorau ana i ngā tāurunga o tētahi pūnaha, ā, nā konei ka tautoko i te pakari.
I tua atu i tērā, he tino kino āna kōrero, ā, nā ngā take pūnaha, ehara i te mea ā-ahua: te tango rauemi i ngā rohe e manaaki ana i ngā rorohiko, ngā rau miriona o ngā kaimahi pāwhiri e, i tana kōrero, e whakapai ana i ngā hua o ngā tauira, me ngā hapa hangarau e rua e piki haere ana.
Ko te tuatahi ka kīia e ia ko consanguinité, arā, te whāngai pākākā. Ka whakaputa ihirangi ngā tauira, ā, ka whāngai anō i aua ihirangi i whakaputaina e rātou. Ka whai ake te hekenga kounga. He whānui ake anō te putanga i roto i āna rauemi akoranga: te whāngai pākākā o te hoahoa, te whakakotahitanga o te hanganga, te whāinga me te aromātai puta noa i ngā pūnaha iti, tata nei he ōrite.[12]
Ko te tuarua, ko te moe i te wā e taraiwa ana. Ina tino pai te mahi a tētahi pūnaha, ka whakawhirinaki ngā tāngata ki a ia, ā, i te roa o te wā, ka mutu te tirotiro. Mēnā ka whakakotahitia ēnei hapa e rua, ka puta he hunga e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā pūnaha kāore e tino pono, ā, ka nui ake tonu tō rātou whakawhirinaki.
Ka kī ia he mīhini tēnei hei whakaputa i ngā aitua, ā, ka hoki anō ia ki te aitua noa a Perrow.
Ko te putanga a Hamant mō tēnei he kerēme hangarau: ka hinga ngā pūnaha kāore i whakamātauria. Ka whakarato a Arendt i ngā mea e tūpono ana i roto i tēnei.
I pātaihia he aha te momo AI e tika ana kia whai, ka whakautu a Hamant, ko te mea iti rawa tōna kaha mahi. Nō te mea, ko tētahi pūnaha e pōturi ana, e mōrearea ana rānei kia hiahiatia ai tētahi tangata hei tirotiro, he pūnaha e whakauru tonu ana i te tangata ki roto i te tukanga mā tōna hanganga, ehara i te mea mā tētahi kaupapa here. He tauira e tere ana kia kore ai e tirotirohia e tētahi, he "mate ururua e whakatipu ana" i tana kupu.
Koinei te pae whaiti. Ehara i te pae e whakataetae ana ngā taiwhanga rangahau ā-mua, ā, ehara hoki i te pae ka uru koe mā te tāpiri i tētahi tuhinga kaupapa here ki tētahi kaiwhakapiki.
He pae ka uru koe mā te whakauru i ngā whakahē ki roto i te paparanga.
Ehara a Hamant i te tangata e mataku ana ki te hangarau, ā, he tino tūpato ia mō tēnei. E ai ki a ia, he tangata aroha ki te hangarau te pakari, nā te mea ka tautoko i ngā mea ka taea te whakatika i te rohe. Nō reira, he mea pāpori i te tikanga i hoatu e Illich ki te kupu i roto i tana pukapuka Tools for Conviviality (1973), arā, he taputapu pāpori tētahi ka taea e tōna kaiwhakamahi te rangatira, te huri hoki ki ōna ake kaupapa, kaua ko tētahi e whakahau ana me pēhea te whakamahi.
Ko te ao whakaari te mea e kai ana i te hangarau, ia whakatipuranga o te hangarau "whakaari" e kai ana i tōna tūpuna, ā, e pana ana i te mārama kia tawhiti atu i te taumata e taea ana e te tangata noa. Kāore e taea e te nuinga o te tangata ināianei te whakatika i te pūrere kei roto i tō rātou putea. Ko tana tauira matua mō te wehenga mutunga kore ko te AI: he pūnaha kua riro hei pouaka pango, ahakoa ki te hunga i hanga i a rātou.
Ko tāna e hiahia ana, he pānui tata nei hei whakaritenga:[14]
Kua tīmata kē ngā kaipūtaiao whakaaro ki te hanga.
I hangaia te papanga Village me te anga whakahaere Tractatus i runga i tētahi turanga whakaaro i whakaputaina:[15]
Ko ēnei whakamutunga he toi o mua i te tino whānuitanga. I mua rawa atu i te whai kupu a te umanga mō tēnei, i ariā ai ngā hapori taketake mō te rangatiratanga raraunga. E rima ngā mātāpono a Āleksanara e mau ana i ngā tohu ture i roto i te anga, ā, ka whakatinanahia hei paearu hoahoa, kaua hei wawata kua tuhia:
Ināianei pānuitia ēnei ki a Hamant, kāore ia i rongo mō ēnei mea katoa, ā, ka whakatau ia i runga i ngā pakitara pūtau me te pēhanga turgor.
Ka whakamāramahiangā huringa ā-taumata i roto i tā mātou ake hanganga kua whakaputaina mā te rerenga e kī ana ka urutau āta haere ngā pūnaha ora, engari ka pakaru ohorere ngā pūnaha miihini. Koinei te wehewehenga pakari/whaihua a Hamant, i whakapuaki i roto i tētahi wāhanga kotahi, i mua i tā mātou pānui i tētahi kupu nōna.[16]
KoDeep Interlock tana tauira hangarau kua whakamātauhia: ehara i te rererangi patu kua whakapaingia, engari ko te rererangi manuhiri e rere ana i te haurua o tōna kaha, ā, e toru ngā autopilota motuhake. Ko te tāpiritanga me te tū motuhake tūturu, kia kore ai e hono te rahunga o tētahi ki te rahunga o tērā atu.[17]
Kote Living Process tana tohutohu auau kia mutu te rapu i te rongoā kati-kore, engari kia rapu i ngā āhuatanga ka puta ai ngā rongoā. Ā, ko tana wehewehe i waenga i te agility, e wehewehe ana i waenga i ngā tūraru, ā, e mau tonu ana te whāinga, me te adaptability, e waiho ana i te nui o te āheinga kia huri i te whāinga ina huri te ao.[17]
Kote Structure-Preserving te tikanga o tāna kī durer et transmettre, arā, kia mau tonu, kia tuku iho hoki, ā, e kī ana ia he hiahia hōhonu tēnei o te tangata. Koinei hoki te wāhi e whai hua ai tētahi wehewehenga i tangohia e ia i te tohunga whakaaro, kai tātari hinengaro hoki a Cynthia Fleury: ko te ngoikore he āhuatanga nō ngā mea ka pakaru, kāore e huri anō; ko te māmā he āhuatanga nō ngā mea ora e rongo ana i te mamae, ā, ka ora anō. [17] (Ka whakahua mātou i a Fleury i runga i tā Hamant i pūrongo ai, ehara i te mea i āna ake tuhinga.)
Kote Not-Separateness te hurihanga a ia i te here urunga. E ai ki a ia, ehara te ōhanga i te tūāpapa o tētahi kaupapa; ko te tiaki i te taiao e hua ai te hononga ā-hapori, ā, ko taua hononga ā-hapori e hua ai te ōhanga. Ko te ōhanga te hua, ehara i te kuaha.[17]
| Te mātāpono a Āleksāndera, i roto i ngā tūāpapa kua whakaputaina | Ka tae mai a Hamant, e whakaaro ana i runga i ngā pūnaha ora |
|---|---|
|
Ngā āputa, kaua ngā rohe whakahaere i runga i ngā taumata kaha, ehara i te pana kotahi |
Ka urutau āta haere ngā pūnaha ora; ka pakaru ohorere ngā pūnaha miihini |
|
Hononga Hōhonu Ka whakamanahia ngā ratonga e ētahi ki ētahi |
Ehara i te rererangi pakanga kua whakapaingia, engari ko te rererangi manuhiri e haurua ana tōna kaha, ā, e toru ngā autopilota motuhake |
|
Tukanga Ora ka whanake mai i ngā hapa kua tuhia |
Kaua e rapu i te rongoā kua oti katoa. Rapua ngā āhuatanga ka puta ai ngā rongoā |
|
Whakawhitinga e tiaki ana i te hanganga whakatika mā te tuhipoka, kaua e mukua |
Durer et transmettre — me te ngoikore o Fleury, e whakaora ana, ki te ngoikore, e pakaru ana |
|
Kāore i te wehe whakahaere i te ara whakatinana |
Ehara i te ōhanga te tūāpapa o tētahi kaupapa, engari ko te tiaki i te taiao. Ko te ōhanga te hua, ehara i te kuaha |
E rua ngā whakawhānuitanga motuhake o ngā paearu e rima anō. Kotahi nō te hoahoanga whare, kotahi nō te pūtaiao otaota. I tae mai te whakau i muri i te tuku o ngā mātāpono. He mea nui taua raupapa. Koia te mea e hanga ana i tēnei hei taunakitanga, ehara i te whakamana.
He rēkōrda kua hainatia, kua whakamunatia, kua tāia te wā he mea whakamīharo i raro i ngā paerewa o te ao whakapainga. He pōturi ake te tuhi i tētahi rārangi ka taea te whakarerekē. He utu rokiroki tōna. Ka aukati i te whakatika ā-muri i te huarahi māmā.
Ko ia kotahi o ēnei he utu mō te mahinga.
Ko ēnei hoki, arā tonu, te take matua.
Ka kōrero a Hamant, ko te tangata anake ngā mea ora e whai wāhi ana ki te wā roa rawa, ā, mā te tuhi tātou e whiwhi ai. Ko tana amuamu mō ngā mahi a tātou i taua urunga: ka whakamātao tātou i te anamata, mā te whakamātao hāora (cryogenics), ngā whare rokiroki kākano (seed vaults), me ngā pēke ira ora (biobanks), kaua ko te noho ki te wā roa. Ko tētahi atu whakamahinga ko te rekoata kua huna, kua tāia te wā. He taputapu durer et transmettre tēnei, i hangaia kia taea e te mokopuna tuarua te whakamana i ngā kōrero a tōna tūpuna tuarua, me te mōhio hoki he aha i kōrero ai, āhea rānei i kōrero ai.
Ko te pakari e whakanui ana i te huringa whakamuri. He huna-tuhi kāore e taea te huri whakamuri, e ai ki tōna whakamārama.
Kei roto kē te whakatau i te hanganga, i raro i te ingoa Panoni Tiaki-Hanga: ka whakatikahia mā te tuhipoka, kāore rawa mā te muku. Ka noho tonu ngā rangitaki arotake kia taea te whakamārama puta noa i ngā putanga; ka mau tonu te mana o ngā whakataunga o mua; ka tuhia ngā whakahokinga ki roto i te tuhinga, kaua e tangohia atu. Ko tāu e whiwhi ana he āhei ki te whakahoki i te whakamārama i runga i te turanga o te whakamana kāore e taea te huri. Ka ora te rekoata mā te tāpiritanga.[18] I ngā kupu a Fleury, he ngoikore, ehara i te matatū. Ā, he āhuatanga hoahoa tēnei, ehara i te whakamarie.
Ka kawea mai tēnei ki te wāhanga o tēnei whakapae kāore a Hamant i whakarato, ā, kei konei e whakatairanga ana mātou i tēnei mai i te manakohanga ā-āhua ki tētahi āhuatanga hanganga.
I te takurua i muri i te hinga o Parani, i roto i te rohe kāore i nohoia, ā, i raro i tētahi ingoa huna i tīpakohia kia whakawhiti i te tātari kōrero a Vichy, ka whakaputahia e Simone Weil tētahi tuhinga mō te Iliad, ā, ko tōna take matua, ko te kaha te kaupapa tūturu o te rotarota. Ā, ko taua kaha tērā e huri ana i te tangata katoa e pāngia ana e ia hei mea. Ko tana nekehanga tuarua te mea nui mō ngā hanganga: ka whakaiti hoki te kaha i te tangata e whakamahi ana i a ia, ka whakamāuiui i te aronga me te aroha kia riro hoki te rangatira hei mīhini.[19]
Ko te whakahiotanga tērā mahi. Ko te hanga kōtaha, ngā whakapae i runga i ngā mea i tuhia e ētahi atu, me te hanga whakahianga mai i ngā whanonga, ka hanga katoa i tētahi whakaahua o tētahi tangata mai i ngā rauemi kāore i tukuna e ia, mō ngā kaupapa kāore ia i reira hei whakataetae. Ka noho te tangata hei mea e puritia ana e te pūnaha.
Kua roa a Weil e noho ana i roto i ngā tūāpapa kua whakaputaina o tēnei kaupapa, i te wāhanga e hanga ana ia hapori ki tōna ake tikanga. Ko tāna whakamārama i te aro hei whakawhanaungatanga whakautu ki te mamae, koia te take i tuku ai te papanga kia whakapau wā ki te matenga, kaua e pēhi i te ngaronga kia noho hei whakarāpopototanga.[15] He hua tūturu tēnei o te hoahoa, ā, ka noho tonu ki tōna wāhi.
Engari ko te tautohetohe o Te Rotarota o te Kaha e noho ana i te wāhanga kāore e taea e te tangata te whakatika. Ehara i te hapori, ehara i te mema, ā, ehara hoki i a mātou:
Kāore e taea te whakaiti i tētahi mema hei huinga noa. Kāore mātou, kāore hoki te hanganga tauira, e hanga, e pupuri, e whakapae rānei i tētahi whakaahua whakakotahi mō tētahi tangata. Ki te huihui te tūāpapa i ngā rauemi mō tētahi tangata, pērā i te whakapaipai whakapapa i roto i tētahi hapori kotahi, ka mahia tēnei i runga i te tono a te mema, mai i ngā pūrongo a taua hapori anō, ā, kāore he mea e tuhia mehemea kāore te mema i whakau.
Ehara tēnei i te tūmataitinga. Ko te tūmataitinga e pā ana ki te huna, ā, he kohinga tonu te kohinga kua whakapuaki katoa. Ka aukati te mātāpono i tētahi mahi, ehara i te whakaaturanga.
Ehara i te mea ka whakatika i tēnei te whakaaetanga, engari mā te kaituhi e whakarerekē te mahi. Ka whakaae te kaitono a Weil, ā, he mea tonu ia ahakoa tērā. Ehara te kotahitanga i te whakawātea i tēnei mātāpono, nā te mea i roto i te kotahitanga, ko te mema tonu te kaituhi o ngā mea e tukuna ana: ko te kōpaki e kawe ana i ngā mea i tīpakohia anake, ā, kei te piri tonu te takenga mai.
Ko te rerekētanga kei waenga i te tangata e tuku ana i tētahi rekoata me te pūnaha e hanga ana i tētahi tangata.
Ka herea tātou me te tauira, ehara i te hapori. He hononga ngā raraunga whakapapa i runga i te hoahoa; ko te whakakotahi i ngā tāngata puta noa i ngā whakatupuranga te kaupapa, ehara i te kino. Me whakarite te kaupapa i roto i te waehere kia kore ai e pāngia te hanga hononga whakapapa a te rūnanga, ā, kia kore ai e taea te hanganga i te taha kaiwhakahaere me te taha tauira.
Ko te tuarua o ngā tikanga a Weil te mea e hanga ana i tēnei hei hanganga, ehara i te here kaupapa here. He papa e puritia noa ana te āheinga ki te kohikohi, ā, i raro i te pēhanga tauhokohoko me te roa o te wā, ka huri hei papa e whakamahi ana i taua āheinga. Me hanga te whakahē i runga i te hoahoa, nā te mea kāore e taea te whakawhirinaki ki te kaiwhakahaere kia mau tonu ki te whakahē.
Koia tērā te take kotahi me te wehenga wa-hanga/wa-whakahaere, i puta mai i a Homer.
I waenga i ngā tauira mahi a Hamant mō te whakawhitiwhiti i waenga i te whaihua me te pakari, ko te reo anō tētahi: ko te algooritima whaihua e whakakore wawe ana i te kōrero, hei whakataurite ki te reo me ōna hapa, ōna tāruatanga, me tōna kanorau. Koia tēnei te mea e whakaae ana ki te matatini, ki te hē, ā, nā reira ki te kōrero tahi.[20]
Ehara ia i te kōrero mō te tukatuka reo ā-taiao, ā, koia tonu te take i whai hua ai tēnei kitenga. Kāore e manawaroa te nui o ngā kōrero ahakoa te kōrero tahi. Koia te āhuatanga o te kōrero tahi.
He pūnaha e pēhi ana i ngā kōrero kia iti ake, kua tango i te mea i hanga ai te whakawhiti kōrero hei whakawhiti kōrero.
Koinei te whakamārama tino mārama e wātea ana mō te take he hē te tauira toharite ā-ao hei taputapu mō tētahi hapori e whai ana i āna ake reo, āna ake wā noho puku, āna ake tikanga kore kōrero. Ā, ka tae mai tēnei kāore i raro i ngā tautohetohe mana motuhake, ā, nā konei ka kaha ake: ahakoa kāore he mana whakahaere e hāngai ana, ahakoa kāore ngā raraunga i wehe atu, ka he tonu te toharite.
Kei tōna taha, ko te Institut Michel Serres, e whakamārama ana i a ia anō hei kura ora, e tuku wāhi ana ki te 'connaissances situées et impliquées' – arā, te mātauranga kei roto i tōna ake horopaki, ā, e whai wāhi ana. He mātauranga pēnei, ka puta mai i te whakarongo me te mahi ngātahi puta noa i te hapori katoa. Ka tango te whare wānanga i tōna ingoa me tōna kaupapa i Le Contrat Naturel (1990) nā Michel Serres, i tūtohu ai kia whakaaetia ngā mea katoa o te taiao hei tangata ture, ā, kia whakaarohia he whakahaere hononga taurite i waenga i te tangata me ngā mea katoa e ora ana.[21]
Ehara taua rerenga i te whakataukī e kawemai ana mātou. Ko te mātauranga tūnga me te mātauranga whai wāhi he ū kotahi ki te papa reo tūnga, i whakapuakiia e tētahi whare rangahau, ehara i te papa, ā, i tae mai mā tētahi atu huarahi.
Ko te hua o te hoahoa ko te mahere A, B, C, D a Hamant. Ehara i te tauira pai rawa, engari he maha ngā tauira, ka taea te whakatika ā-rohe, ka taea te urutau, hei tautoko i te pakari o tētahi wāhi. Ka whawhai tēnei ki te ahurea kotahi i roto i tō tātou ake pūnaha, ā, i waho hoki: mēnā kāore he kanorau tūturu o roto i te kotahitanga, arā, ngā whakatinanatanga rerekē, ngā mana whakahaere, ngā reo me ngā hanganga whakaurunga, he kōrero noa te kanorau, ā, ka pā mai hoki ki a tātou te whakahe mō te whāngai-ā-whānau o te hoahoa.
Ka nui ake te mahi hanga me te tiaki i ēnei pūnaha mā ngā māngai waehere e whakahou ana i a rātou anō. Ehara tēnei i te matapae; kua tīmata kē te pono o tēnei. Kua ingoaia e Hamant te aronga hapa me te tika kāore i hiahiatia. Ehara i te raru wā-whakahaere te moe i te taraiwa, ā, kāore e taea te whakaoti mā te rohe wā-whakahaere.
He raru hanga-ā-wā tēnei, ā, ko te wā hanga tonu te wā e whakakapia ana te tangata.
Ka kōrero mai a Hamant ki a tātou he aha ngā mea e pakaru ana. Ka kōrero mai a Hannah Arendt ki a tātou kei hea te mutunga. Ā, ko ia te take i pērā ai te āhua o tēnei hanganga. Ko ia tonu te whakamārama mārama rawa e mōhio ana tātou mō te rere haere o ngā uara: me pēhea e he ai tētahi mea, ahakoa kāore he tangata i whakatau kia mahi hē.
Koinei te pātai i hanga ai te hanganga katoa hei whakautu.[22]
He pūnaha kotahi e rere ana i roto i āna mahi, ā, he raupapa tōna: te māharahara kore, kātahi ka noho noa, kātahi ka rere. Ko te mea nui mō tēnei, he pūnaha miihini, ehara i te mea matatika. Kāore he tangata kino e hiahiatia ana, ā, kāore he tangata e whakatau i tētahi mea.
Te whakamarie. Ka nuinga te whakakāhore i te wehewehe i konei i roto i ngā kōrero whakahoki. Kāore a Arendt e kī ana kāore a Eichmann i te āhei ki te whakaaro. E kī ana ia kāore ia i whakaaro, ā, kāore he take kino nui rawa mō te kino i taua taumata, engari ko te kore o te mahi whakaaro i roto i tētahi tangata e aro ana ki ngā tikanga mahi. Ehara te kore whakaaro i te pōraruraru. He āheinga i mahue kāore i whakamahia, i roto i ngā āhuatanga i māmā ai te kore whakamahi i taua āheinga.
Ehara i te mea kāore he pūkenga tō te kaiwhakahaere e whakamutu ana i te pānui i ngā rerekētanga nā te mea kua pono ēnei mō te ono marama. Kei roto rātou i te āhua i whakamārama a Arendt, ā, nā te pūnaha i whakarite ai mō rātou.
Te noa. Ko tana kitenga tino mau tonu, ā, ko te mea i tino hapa te pānui, ko te mea kāore te kino nui e tae mai ana i te whakamōhio he kino whakamataku. Ka tae mai hei mea noa, hei mea whakahaere, ā, ka whakaae ngā tāngata e whakaatu ana i tāna i kī ai, "he āhua whakamīharo, he tino pono hoki te kore āhei ki te whakaaro". Ehara i te pōhehe, ehara hoki i te whakapono pakari, engari he hē ki te tiro ki te ao mai i tētahi atu tirohanga kē atu i tōna ake.[23][24] Ka noho noa te mea whakamataku, ehara i te mea i kōwhiria e tētahi, engari nā te mea i rongo ai te katoa ki a ia.
Te rere noa. Ka ngaro ngā uara. Ehara i te mea i whakakorehia, ā, kāore he tangata e tiaki i te whakataunga, nā te mea kāore he whakataunga. Ka waiho ki te whakaaroaro motuhake, ā, ka pau haere i ia hikoinga e tika ana te āhua, i te wā e haere tonu ana te katoa ki te whakahua i aua uara, ā, i muri iho kāore he tangata e mōhio ana i te wā i mutu ai rātou i te aukati i ngā mea katoa.
Koinei te aronga hē i hangaia ai ngā ratonga Tractatus kia aukatihia, i whakapuakiia i te taumata ahurea. Ko te kōrero a te anga anō mō ngā mea ka puta ina whakapai ake ngā kaiwhakahaere mā ngā porowhita whakangungu, ko te mea ka ngaro ngā tohutohu, ka rere ngā rohe, ā, ka kore e taea te whakawhirinaki ki ngā ara arotake.[25] E toru ngā whakamārama mō taua raupapa kotahi, kāore tētahi e whakamōhio mai.
Ko tā Arendt e whakarato ana ko te take me aukati i tēnei āhuatanga mā te hoahoanga, kaua e tirohia kia tino aro. Kāore he mea i roto i te raupapa e whakaoho ana i tētahi whakatūpato, nā te mea i ia hikoinga takitahi, kei te whanonga tika ngā tāngata e whai wāhi ana.
Koinei te āhua o te mea e whawhai ana tēnei hanganga ki a ia. Ehara i te hopu. Ehara i te tauira hē. He whakaurunga āta haere, kotahi te hikoinga whakamarie i ia wā, ki tētahi mea kāore he tangata i whakaae mēnā i tae mai katoa i te kotahi.
Koia te take kāore e taea te whakatutuki i te haepapa mā te rēhitatanga anake. Ko te ingoa i hoatu e Arendt ki te mana e tūturu ana ahakoa kāore he tangata e haepapa ana mōna, ko te 'Kāwanatanga a Kāore': he pūnaha tari matatini kāore he tangata, ahakoa te kotahi, te tokoiti, te tokomaha rānei, e taea te pupuri hei haepapa. Ehara i te kore ture, engari he tūkino kāore he rangatira tūkino, ā, ka tautuhia nā te mea kāore he tangata hei whawhai kōrero.[26]
Ko tērā he whakamārama whānui o tētahi rārangi kaiwhakahaere motuhake kāore he rangatira ka taea te whakawhiunga, i tuhia i te haurua rautau i mua. Ā, he māmā ake te whakamātautau ā-mahi i ngā ariā katoa: ka huri ngā tikanga i raro i a koe, ko wai tāu e waea atu ai? He ara arotake tino tika e mutu ana ki te kore tangata, arā, ko te rangatiratanga a Kāore he rangatira, he rekoata pai ake.
Ko te koha whakamutunga a Arendt te mea e here ana i tēnei wāhanga ki te toenga o te tuhinga. I roto i ngā Akoranga mō te Mātāpono Tōrangapū a Kant (i tukuna i te tau 1970, i whakaputaina i muri i tōna matenga i te tau 1982), ka wehe ia i te mōhiotanga, e rapu ana i ngā rongoā, i te whakaaro, e rapu ana i te tikanga, me te whakataunga, e whakatau ana i tētahi take motuhake kāore he ture i whakaritea i mua.
Ko te whakatau te pūkenga kāore e taea te whakakapi mā te whakamahi i tētahi tikanga, nā te mea ko te mahi he rapu i te ture, ehara i te whai i taua ture.[28] He pūkenga anō hoki kāore i kitea e ia i a Eichmann: ko te kore titiro ki te ao mai i tētahi tūāpapa kē atu i tōna ake, he ngoikore o te whakatau, ehara i te ngoikore o te mātauranga.
Koia tērā te kerēme kotahi i mea a Alexander i roto i The Nature of Order i tana whakapūmau kāore e taea te whakaiti i te whakataunga mō te katoa ki tētahi ture, ā, koia hoki te kerēme kotahi o te here taketake o tēnei anga e mea ana kāore e taea te aunoa i ngā uara, engari me whakamana anake.[29][30] E toru ngā huarahi ki tētahi whakatau kotahi, nō te ariā tōrangapū, nō te hoahoa whare, ā, nō te hanga i te mea.
Ka tāpiri a Alexander i te here mō te āhua e tae mai ai te mahi. E hiahiatia ana e tōna tukanga ora kia mahi ia hipanga ki runga i te hua o te hipanga o mua, kia whakarerekē haere ia hipanga, ā, kia taea te aromātai i ia hipanga ki te katoa. Ko te hanganga i puta i ngā pūrua nui mai i tētahi mahere matua hei tauira matua mō tōna tukangawhakangaro hanganga.
Ko ngā kaiwhakawhanake waehere he kaihanga puranga nui; koirā tā rātou mahi.[29]
Ka whai ake e toru ngā oati, ā, he utu ia o ēnei.
Ka whakaputa ngā kaiwhakahaere i ngā wehewehenga kua whakaritea, ehara i ngā pūrua. He iti rawa kia taea te whakatau i te pānga o ia mea ki te katoa. He whakaiti whakawhitiwhiti tēnei i mahia kia pērā. Koinei te kōrero a Hamant, arā, me whai pae āputa te porowhita pakari, ā, kāore te hurihanga tere rawa e tuku kia puta he whakahou tūturu, ā, ka whakamahia tēnei ki te porowhita whakawhanake.
Ka noho tonu te whakataunga mō te kotahitanga ki te tangata. Ehara i te mea "ka whakaae tētahi tangata ki te rerekētanga." Ko te paearu mō te mahi a tētahi kaiārahi ko te mea mēnā ka tiaki, ka whakawhānui, ka whakapakari i te kotahitanga o te pūnaha. He whakataunga i whakapūmau a Alexander kāore e taea te whakaiti ki tētahi ture, ā, koia te take i whai ai te nekehanga tauira pūmanawa i tōna āhua, kāore i whakaputa anō i āna hua. He tuahine tēnei o te here taketake o te anga ake: kāore e taea te aunoa i ngā uara, engari ka taea anake te whakamana.
Ka huri te tū o te kaitiaki. Ka whakamārama tika a Hamant i te panoni. I roto i te ao pumau, ko te kaiwhakatau e ārahi ana, e kī ana, 'E hiahia ana au, ā, e mōhio ana au me pēhea.' I roto i te ao kore pumau, ko te kaiwhakatau e āwhina ana, e kī ana, 'E hiahia ana au, ā, kāore au e mōhio me pēhea.' He māhaki, he whakauru, ā, e whakakōkiri ana i tētahi rōpū ka taea te anga whakamua me te kore rātou i te mutunga.Ki te whakamahia ki te whakawhanaketanga māngai, ehara tērā i te tangata hei kaiwhakaae tuhipoka.
Ko te tangata hei kaiwhai whāinga, ahakoa kāore ia e mau ana i te tikanga.
He tikanga e haere tahi ana me tēnei, ā, e kī ana a Hamant he whakamātautau tēnei. I te ao whakatutukitanga, ka haere tonu te wā ki ngā whakautu, ā, ka whakaputa tētahi i ngā whakautu tino pai mō ngā pātai i kōwhiria hē. I te ao pakari, ka haere tonu te wā ki ngā pātai, nā te mea kāore te roro e tere kitea te tika. He pātai pakari tētahi e noho pumau ana ahakoa ka wiri koe i a ia mā ngā pāhekoheko. Whakahōputuhia anō ki ngā hoa kōrero tawhiti, ā, tirohia mēnā ka ora tonu.
Ko tāna tauira: "Me pēhea tātou e whakaiti ai i te CO₂ o te āhuarangi?" e tono ana kia hopukina te hauora i te rangi mā te taputapu pūtea kua honoa. I whakawhāiti te hau, ka hōhonu ake te raruraru maha. "Me pēhea tātou e waihanga ai i ngā tikanga kia heke ai te CO₂ o te āhuarangi mō ake tonu atu?" e tono ana kia whakatū te ōhanga ahuwhenua taiao.[31]
Ko tā mātou: "Me pēhea tā tātou whakarite kia whakaputa wawe ake e te kaiwhakawhanake waehere te waehere tika?" he pātai kāore i te pakari. Ko te pātai pakari: "Me pēhea tā tātou waihanga i ngā tikanga kia taea tonu e ngā kaitiaki te whakamana i tēnei pūnaha i te pikinga ake o te nui o ngā mahi a te kaiwhakawhanake?" Kāore te uiui i mua i te whakatinana he taumaha ki te tukanga.
Ko reira te wā e pātaihia ai taua pātai i te wā ka taea tonu te whakarerekē i te whakautu.
Kei te hiahia ahau ki te tātai i te utu o te whakahaere i roto i te porowhita whakangungu, hei whakataurite ki te tātari i muri mai. Kāore e taea e au. E whakarite ana te mahere a te papaanga i te rima ki te tekau ōrau, ā, e whakarārangi ana i te ine hei mea tuwhera; ā, kia kore e whakahaerehia, he tau e waihangatia noa ana e au.
Kāore he take o ngā mea katoa i runga ake nei mēnā ko te huarahi anake ki reira ko te whakatenatena i te tangata kia mau ki ngā uara rerekē. He pōturi taua huarahi, he whawhai, ā, ka hinga i te wā tino kino rawa o te rereke.
He rerekē te tono whaihua a Hamant, ā, koinei te wāhanga o tana mahi e tino tika ana kia kapehia. Huri i ngā tukanga, ā, ka whai ake ngā uara. Heoi rā, ka kore e hiahiatia, nā te mea ka whakaputa he tukanga āhua rerekē i ngā whanonga āhua rerekē a ngā tāngata kāore i huri i ō rātou whakaaro mō tētahi mea.
Ko tana tauira tino mārō he wehewehenga i roto i ngā kupu e toru, ā, i te reo Ingarihi ka huri whakamuri te aronga i te reo Wīwī.
Me mōhio ngā kaituhi Ingarihi, ko "collaboration" tō tātou kupu mahana, ko "cooperation" tō tātou kupu ā-tari, ā, he huri kē tēnei i te tikanga i whakahuatia ake nei. Ka whakarerekē te wehewehenga i ngā mea e hanga ana koe.
Ko te tauira mahi he tukanga, ehara i te kare ā-roto: te huringa mai i te 'appel à projet'. He karanga whakataetae e whakaraupapa ana ngā kaitāwhakaaro i ngā tono takitahi. Ki te 'appel à commun', he karanga e hanga ana i tētahi rōpū. Ko tētahi he pūnaha whakaraupapa, ā, ka whakaputa i te whanonga whakaraupapa. Ko tētahi atu he pūnaha whakakotahitanga, ā, ka whakaputa i te whanonga whakakotahitanga.
Kāore he tangata i hiahiatia kia nui ake tōna atawhai.
E pūrongo ana a Hamant kua tīmata kē te panoni ano i roto i te hanganga Wīwī, i reira nā te pōraruraru rauemi i pana ngā kaiwhakataetae tūturu ki te āwhina tūturu ā-tōrite. Ehara i te karati, i tana anga, engari ko te painga ake kua mārama tika i roto i te ao pōraruraru.[33]
Mō tētahi tūāpapa, ehara tēnei i te ariā noa. Mēnā he rauemi tiritahi te rawa ā-hapori, ko te raru hoahoa ko te whakahaere uru. Mēnā he mahi ngātahi tuatahi te rawa ā-hapori. Koinei te whakatakotoranga a Hamant, me a Ostrom i roto i te Governing the Commons (1990). Nā, ko te raru hoahoa ko te whakahaere, te koha me te tūnga.
Ka whakaputa rātou i ngā hua rerekē mai i taua waehere kotahi. Ko te rerekētanga tēnei i waenga i ngā kai-oho ki tētahi ratonga me ngā mema o tētahi mea e hanga tahi ana rātou, ā, mā reira e whakatau ai he aha ngā mea e hokona ana e te oho.[34]
E kitea ana he taunakitanga e haere ana tēnei. Kua whakauru te kāwanatanga o Wallonia i te pakari ki tōna tirohanga rautaki mō te tau 2030. Kei te noho a larobustesse.org hei rauemi tūmatanui tuwhera i raro i te raihana CC BY-SA, i pūteaia e te Rohe o Wallonia, e whakahaere ana i ngā hui tūmatanui ia marama, ā, e whakahē ana kia noho hei waitohu, kia whakamanahia rānei ngā ihirangi. He ariā i nekehia mai i tētahi taiwhanga koiora ki ngā tuhinga whakamahere a te kāwanatanga ā-rohe mā ngā hapori ako me ngā raihana tuwhera, kaua mā te tautoko ture tuatahi.[35]
He ara tēnei, ā, kei te wātea ki te katoa. Heoi anō, i tōna ake āhua, ko te kōrero e kawea ana e ia: he rerekē, he tāpiri, he pōturi, he pūmau ki te rohe, ā, kāore he rangatira.
He mea tika kia whakaoti mā te kī i tētahi whāinga matua: te tiakitanga a te tangata i ngā āhuatanga e noho ai te ora i runga i te Papatūānuku, i runga ake i ngā mea katoa.
Ka whakakore mātou i taua whakatakotoranga.
"He whāinga matua kotahi, ā, he mea tūararo ngā mea katoa" koinei te āhua arorau o te whakapai ake. Koinei hoki te āhua tika o te tūnga e whakahē ana mātou. Te take mō te whakawhiti ki ētahi atu ao. Mō te whakahaere i te Ao hei tauira kotahi i waenga i ngā maha. He pērā tōna hanganga, he rerekē tōna ihirangi. Ka taea e tētahi hoa whawhai te whakakore i tētahi whakapae e whai ana i tēnei āhua mā te whakawhiti noa i te ihirangi.
Nō reira: ehara te tiakitanga i te whāinga i roto i te ao uara. Koinei te here ā-pito e whakaora ana i te oranga o ngā uara maha. Ko Berlin, i roto i Four Essays on Liberty (1969), e whakaatu ana i te take kāore he wāhi kotahi hei whakapai ake, nā te mea he maha ngā uara, kāore e taea te whakataurite, ā, he pōraruraru ētahi ngaronga, ehara i te hē.[36] Ko te ariā oranga a Aubin, i whakahuatia e Hamant, e whakarato ana i te āhua pāngarau: he rohe herea te oranga, ehara i te taumata tiketike.
Ko te mātāpono hoahoa tuatahi a Ostrom i roto i Governing the Commons e whakarato ana i te āhua whakahaere, ā, ko te whakamārama a Hamant mō tēnei ko te rerenga hei pupuri: te paparanga ngoke.[37] Kua tautuhia, kua whakatinanahia, ā, kāore i kati katoa.
Ko te maha-āhua mō ngā whāinga kei roto i te pūtake. Ko te kotahitanga mō tōna rohe.
Ehara te take whakahē i te "whakarere i te Ao". Ko te take, he momo e herea ana ki tētahi ao kotahi he wāhi kotahi mō te ngoikore, ā, he whai whakaaro te whai tārua ki ngā wāhi maha. He kōrero mō te pakari i roto i tōna ake kupu a Hamant, nō reira me whakautu i runga i taua take, kaua e whakakore noa.
Ka hinga i runga i tērā take. Ehara i te tāpiritanga te mea e hiahiatia ana kia ngaro te mea taketake; he whakawhiti tērā. Ko ngā tārua katoa e tūtohutia ana mō waho o te ao e pūtea ana i nāianei mā te tangohanga mai i te tauira kotahi anake e mahi ana. Ā, ka whakamutua e te hurihanga o te hononga ngoikore rawa: ko te tārua kua tino whakapaingia, kua tino taumaha ki ngā hononga, koia te hononga ngoikore o te mekameka, ehara i te mea pakari.
He mārō ake te putanga a Hamant. Ka mea ia, ko te hunga tino whai hua katoa he kaupapa mate ā rātou: Mars, ngā whare haumaru, i te whakapono ka taea e rātou te oma atu i ngā huringa. Ka whakahoki ia ki a rātou mā tētahi kōrero nō Awherika, arā, he nui ake te haruru o te rākau ka hinga i te ngahere e tipu ana.[31]
Ka tuku a Weil i te tātaritanga hōhonu ake. Te kore pakiaka. déracinement. Koinei te āhuatanga mamae motuhake i tautuhia e ia i roto i te ao hou ahumahi. Ehara i te mea e whakaora ana tētahi ahurea, ko tōna kaupapa matua he whakawhiti whenua, i tēnei āhuatanga. Kei te whakahaere ā-tari ia i tēnei āhuatanga.[38]
Ehara hoki tēnei i te kerēme mō te pūtake o te tangata. Ka whiua ngā whakapae taketake mō te āhua tūturu o te tangata e te pūtaiao koiora, nā te mea ka kitea e ia he taumata, ehara i ngā momo motuhake, ā, he hītori tō rātou i Aotearoa New Zealand e tika ana kia noho tawhiti atu rātou i ngā tuhinga e hāngai ana ki Te Tiriti. He whaiti ake, he tika hoki te kerēme e taea te tiaki: ko te tangata anake, tae noa mai ki tēnei wā, kua whakaaturia hei kaikawe i te haepapa.
He kerēme tēnei mō te hunga ka taea te whakahaepapa, ā, kāore he hiahia whakataunga mō te māramatanga. Koinei te āhua whai hua o te whakatūpato a Arendt. Mēnā ko te rangatiratanga a Kāore he tangata te hua ka puta ina kāore he kaikawe haepapa, kāore te kaikawe ingoa he āhuatanga whakapaipai noa iho, engari koia te mea e wehewehea ana i te whakahaere i te tikanga mahi. Koia hoki te mea kua whakamunatia e te hanganga, ā, ka hono ki te haepapa mekameka-whānui e hiahiatia ana e te whakahaere Kaupapa Māori AI.[39]
Ā, koia te take me hanganga te here, kaua e whakapuaki noa. He uara e whakapuaki noa ana, koia tonu te mea e kī ana a Arendt ka rere noa: ka waiho ki te whakaaroaro, ka ngaro haere i ia hikoinga e kitea ana he tika, ka whakahuatia tonu, kāore e kawe taumaha, ā, kāore he tangata e taea te kī i te wā i mutu ai. Ko ngā kawenata kāore e taea e tētahi te whakarerekē, koia te rongoā mō taua huarahi hē.
E kore e taea te whakakore noa i ngā uara kāore e taea te whakakore noa iho, ā, kāore hoki e taea te whakakore noa iho i ngā uara kia noho hei tikanga noa.[24]
Ka whakarato anō a Weil i te hanganga: ko ngā herenga i mua i ngā mana, ā, ko ngā mana he whakamanatanga o ngā herenga, ehara i te mea he rawa e pupuritia ana ki te ao. E kī ana te Kaitiakitanga i taua huringa whakamuri anō. Ko te tiakitanga hei herenga ki ngā mea e tiakina ana, ehara i te mana whakahaere ki runga i a rātou. Ā, e kōrero ana ia i tēnei mai i tētahi tikanga i tae mai tuatahi, ā, i tōna ake mana motuhake. He mea nui te ahunga haere: ko tēnei te whakaaro nō Ūropi e tae mai ana ki te wāhi i tū kē ai ngā anga taketake, ehara i te huringa whakamuri.
Ko te tauira tino mārō o tērā ehara i te mea arorangi, engari he ture.
I te tau 1990, i tūtohu a Michel Serres i roto i Le Contrat Naturel kia whakamanahia ngā mea taiao hei tangata ture. I te tau 2014, i whakawhiwhia te tū tangata ture ki Te Urewera e te Ture o Te Urewera.[40] I te tau 2017, i whakatauria e te Ture o Te Awa Tupua (Whakatau Kerēme o te Awa o Whanganui) te Awa o Whanganui hei tangata ture e mau ana i ngā mana, ngā mana whakahaere, ngā haepapa me ngā herenga katoa o tētahi tangata, ā, ka whakahaerehia ēnei e Te Pou Tupua mōna. He kanohi tangata mō tētahi mea e tū ana hei tangata ture, engari kāore he reo āna.[41]
He hē tērā, ā, koia tonu te hē e whakatūpato ana tēnei wāhanga kia kaua e pānuihia hei whakatinanatanga a Aotearoa i tētahi tohunga whakaaro Wīwī. Ka whakamana te Ture i tētahi tūnga i mau, i whakapūmau hoki e ngā iwi me ngā hapū o Whanganui i roto i tētahi o ngā kerēme roa rawa atu i roto i te hītori ture o te motu, i runga i te pūtake o te kore wehewehe o te iwi me te awa.
I tae atu a Serres ki tētahi mea tata i te tau 1990, i puta mai i roto i tētahi tikanga o Europi i whakapau e toru rau tau e kī ana i te hē o tērā. I reira kē te iwi o Whanganui, ā, kua noho rātou mō ngā whakatipuranga.
Ko tā te ture e tāpiri ana ki te kōrero ehara i te mana, engari he whakamātau ariā. E whakapūmau ana tēnei tūnga ehara i te mea ka taea anake te whawhai kōrero, engari ka taea hoki te ture. Ka taea te hanga pūnaha ture tūturu hei tautoko i tētahi mea kāore e taea te kirimana, kāore e taea te whakapae ture, kāore e taea te kōrero, mēnā ka mau tētahi tangata kua ingoa ki te kawenga mōna.
He hanganga tēnei, ehara i te karanga ā-tikanga, ā, he nekehanga anō tēnei, i roto i tētahi rohe iti rawa atu, e mahia ana e tētahi rēhita rangatira mō te hītori ake o te tangata.
Kua whakamātauria i raro i te whakataetae mai i roto, ehara i te mea mai i waho. Kāore he whakamātautau urunga motuhake, ā, kāore mātou e tono ana mō tētahi.
Kāore he mea i ine i raro i te kawenga. Kei te rere i te whakaputanga, engari ahakoa kei hea e rere ana, kotahi tonu te whakahaere, nō reira e hiahia tonu ana ia ki tētahi atu.
Kāore e aukatia e te anga tētahi kaiwhakahaere e whakakore noa ana i te uiui ki te anga.[25] Ki te tae mai ngā kupu o tētahi tauira ki tētahi mema, ka tirotirohia i mua i tō rātou tū hei whakautu, ā, kāore e taea e te tauira te karo i tērā. Mēnā ka hinga te tirotiro, ka tukuna tonu ngā kupu, nā te mea he kino tōna ake te whakahē i te whakautu ia wā ka pakaru te tirotiro. Ko te mea kāore e mahia e te pūnaha, ko te kī he mā rātou.
Kāore ngā whiu e piki ake. Ka taea e tētahi kaiwhakahaere te mahi, engari kāore he mea e maumahara koinei te wā tuatoru. Ā, kāore he huarahi pērā i te huarahi o ngā kāinga e rua mō ngā mema e rua e riri ana i roto i tētahi kāinga kotahi; he toru ngā wāhanga o taua huarahi, ā, ka mutu ki tētahi whakarongo.
He pātai tuwhera mēnā he kanorau ā-roto tūturu tō te kotahitanga, hei whāinga pai kua whakarite noa iho rānei, ā, ka pātai te kaipānui o De l'incohérence nā Hamant i tēnei pātai.[42] Ko tōna whakapae he whakapae ki te kotahitanga anō, ā, he pūnaha tino kotahitanga tēnei.
Ko te pātai mēnā ka taea te whakakotahi i te rere o ngā kaiwhakahaere me te panoni e tiaki ana i te hanganga, koinei te take tino hira rawa kāore anō kia whakatauhia i te rārangi, nā te mea kei runga i tēnei te tūāpapa o te kaupapa whakawhanaketanga ā-kaiwhakahaere katoa.
Ā, ko Hamant anō te tangata i tuku i te whakatūpato whakamutunga, ā, ka whakahua mātou i tēnei ki a mātou anō i runga i te hiahia. I a ia e tuhi ana i te reo Ingarihi mō te Great Transition Initiative, i whakatūpato ia kia kaua e whakawhiti te tūāpapa koiora ki ngā hapori tangata me te kore tiaki. Nō te mea e hiahia ana ngā tāngata ki te pupuri i te aronga me ngā whāinga, engari ka mahi ngā pūnaha ora i raro i ngā ture tūponotanga, ā, ka whakatūria tō rātou ara haere i muri iho anake, i te tirohanga whakamuri.[43]
Koinei te rohe o ngā mea katoa i runga ake nei. Ka whakarato te koiora i te taunakitanga e whakaatu ana ka whakaputa te rerekētanga i te pakari o ngā kararehe, ā, ka whakawhānui te tuhinga pūnaha i tēnei tauira ki ngā hanganga hangarau. Ko te nekehanga mai i reira ki ngā mea e tika ana kia hanga e tātou he kōrero, ehara i te whakaputanga.
Kua mahia e mātou tēnei i runga i te tino āta, ā, he kōrero tonu tēnei.
He whaiti ake ngā mea ka taea e mātou te kī me te kore whakaroa, ā, ki tā mātou whakaaro, kua ranea. Kei te pōraruraru haere te ao. Ka tutaki ngā pūnaha kua whakaritea mō te toharite ki ngā āhuatanga kāore i whakaritea ai.
Ā, ko te hanganga tino pea ka tū tonu, ehara i te mea tere rawa, i te mea kaha rawa rānei, engari ko tērā i tiaki i ōna pae, i tiaki i ōna rerekētanga, i tiaki i tētahi tangata i roto i te tukanga kia taea tonu e ia te kī mēnā he hauora te katoa, ā, i tiaki i tētahi rekoata ka taea tonu e tētahi tangata i roto i ngā whakatupuranga e toru mai nei te pānui, te whakamana hoki.
E toru ngā mea mō ngā tohutoro kei raro nei.
Tuatahi, i te wā e whakahua ana tēnei tuhinga i tētahi kaiwhakaaro, ka kīia te ingoa o te mahi me te tau i roto i te tuhinga, ā, ka puta ia mahi ki te rārangi pukapuka. I ngā wā ka tae mai ngā whakaaro a tētahi kaiwhakaaro ki a mātou mā Hamant, kaua mā ā rātou ake whārangi. Ko Aubin mō te toitūtanga, ko Fleury mō te ngoikore me te mōrearea. Ka kīia tēnei i te wā e whakamahia ana, ā, ka rārangihia rātou i raro i te wāhanga 'Nā Hamant i tohutoro' o te rārangi pukapuka.
He mekameka tohutoro kāore e kitea, kāore e taea te tirotiro; ā, ko te pūrongo i te pānui a tētahi mō tētahi atu, pēnei i te mea ko te tangata tuatoru anō, koinei te huarahi ka huri ai te tohutoro hei kōrero tuku iho.
Tuarua, he kairangahau ora, he kaituhi tuhinga a Hamant, kāore he tomokanga mōna i te Pukapuka Pūtaiao Hinengaro o Stanford, arā, koia te tohutoro tūmau o tēnei kaupapa mō ngā kerēme ā-hinengaro. Nō reira, ka uru ia ki tēnei tautohetohe i runga i tētahi tūāpapa rerekē ki a Berlin, Weil, ki a Wittgenstein rānei: hei taunakitanga ā-tinana kua arotakina e ōna hoa mahi, hei taunakitanga pūnaha hoki, me tētahi toronga paerewa kua whakaaetia hei tiaki māna, mā tātou hoki, ehara i te mana ā-hinengaro.
Ka wehea tōna kohinga tuhinga ki ngā papa e toru.
Ka arotakengia e ō rātou hoa mahi ngā kerēme whakamātautau mō ngā pūnaha ora. Ka tautokohia ngā kerēme hanganga mō ngā pūnaha whānui puta noa i ngā rāngai koiora me ngā rāngai hangarau, ā, ko te tino tautoko i puta i te mahi ngātahi me te kairangahau rorohiko a Stéphane Grumbach.[44][45][46] Ka whawhai kōrero ngā kerēme paerewa mō ngā mea e tika ana kia hanga e tātou, kāore i te whakawhānake noa. Ko te whakaatu i te tuatoru me te mana o te tuatahi he hē tonu, ā, koinei te mea e whawhai ana tēnei tuhinga kia kaua e puta.
Tuatoru, ā, i roto i taua wairua anō: ka kati te tuhinga a Grumbach rāua ko Hamant o te tau 2018 mā te tūtohu ko te pikinga ake o te rangatiratanga o te paparanga matihiko tērā pea ka āwhina ki te whakatutuki i te taurite ora i roto i te ao hangarau, ā, he tata tonu tēnei ki te huri whakamuri o te tūnga whakahē i te wā whakahaere e kōrerotia ana i konei.
I whakawhanakehia tōna tūnga. Ka neke kaha te pepa o te tau 2020[45] ki te kore-tino-whai-huatanga me te whakakotahitanga tangata-mīhini, ā, ā te tau 2025–26 ka whakaarohia e ia te pōraruraru o ngā tauira hei take whakamutunga o te wehenga. Ka whakahuahia e mātou nā te mea ka kitea e te kaipānui e tirotiro ana i ngā tohutoro, ā, he tika hoki tērā.
Ko ngā pukapuka kua rārangihia i raro i a Hamant. Kāore he putanga hokohoko Ingarihi o ngā pukapuka (FR) i te wā e tuhi ana; kei te reo Ingarihi ngā pepa kua arotakengia e ō rātou hoa mahi me te tuhinga a te Great Transition Initiative. Kua whakaputaina hoki e Hamant he raupapa ataata whakamārama poto i te reo Ingarihi mō ngā kaipānui kāore e pānui i te reo Wīwī.
Numbered by first appearance in the text. Sources reaching us through Hamant rather than from their own pages are marked [via Hamant] and are also flagged at the point of use.
[1] Institut Michel Serres — pour les ressources et les biens communs. Statement of purpose and four founding concepts (natural capital, agricultural exception, common health, robustness). https://institutmichelserres.fr — research pages at http://institutmichelserres.ens-lyon.fr. Honorary doctorate: Theunis, L. (2026). “Pour Olivier Hamant, « la performance nous fragilise, la robustesse nous sauvera ».” Daily Science (Belgium), 16 February 2026. https://dailyscience.be/16/02/2026/pour-olivier-hamant-la-performance-nous-fragilise-la-robustesse-nous-sauvera/
[2] Institut Momentum (2025). Antidote au culte de la performance : la robustesse du vivant — seminar synthesis, 22 November 2025, Académie du Climat, Paris. https://institutmomentum.org/antidote-au-culte-de-la-performance-la-robustesse-du-vivant (Spoken source; attributed as such throughout.)
[3] Meadows, D. H., Meadows, D. L., Randers, J., & Behrens, W. W. (1972). The Limits to Growth. New York: Universe Books.
[4] Daily Science interview, 16 February 2026 — see [1]; and Institut Momentum synthesis — see [2]. Performance as zero stock and just-in-time; Suez 2021, CrowdStrike 2024, Covid as syndemic.
[5] Perrow, C. (1984). Normal Accidents: Living with High-Risk Technologies. New York: Basic Books.
[6] Aubin, J.-P. — viability theory. [via Hamant] Named by Hamant as the mathematical and economic approach associated with robustness: larobustesse.org, Incontournables — “la viabilité où on cherche à être sous-optimal (voir par ex. Jean-Pierre Aubin)”. CC BY-SA 4.0, funded by the Région wallonne.
[7] Hong, L., Dumond, M., Zhu, M., Tsugawa, S., Li, C.-B., Boudaoud, A., Hamant, O., & Roeder, A. H. K. (2018). Heterogeneity and robustness in plant morphogenesis: from cells to organs. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 69, 469–495. doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040517
[8] Kirchhelle, C., & Hamant, O. (2023). Discretizing the cellular bases of plant morphogenesis: emerging properties from subcellular and noisy patterning. Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 81.
[9] Illich, I. (1973). Tools for Conviviality. New York: Harper & Row. Counterproductivity as invoked by Hamant in “Learning from Nature” [43].
[10] Institut Momentum synthesis [2] — the weak-link inversion.
[11] Institut Momentum synthesis [2] — robustness as a recipe for viability, not a moral value.
[12] Samzun, C. (2025). Interview with Olivier Hamant, PRISMES / Rumeur Publique, published 18 September 2025 (interview conducted June 2025). https://www.rumeurpublique.fr/olivier-hamant-les-entreprises-comprennent-de-mieux-en-mieux-le-concept-de-robustesse/ — serendipity as the single granted use; click-workers; consanguinité.
[13] PRISMES interview [12] — falling asleep at the wheel; the least performant AIs as the most relevant; catastrophe in gestation.
[14] Daily Science interview [1] — robustness as technophile; local repairability; conviviality; plan A, B, C, D.
[15] Stroh, J. (2026). The Philosophical Foundations of the Village Project: A Framework for Digital Sovereignty and Pluralist AI Governance. My Digital Sovereignty Limited, February 2026. https://agenticgovernance.digital/downloads/philosophical-foundations-village-project.pdf — Berlin, Alexander, Wittgenstein, Weil and indigenous data sovereignty; Alexander’s five principles; the layered constitutional model; Weil’s account of attention and how it shapes the platform’s handling of grief. Ostrom on the commons is carried in Distributive Equity Through Structure, https://agenticgovernance.digital/whitepapers/distributive-equity.html
[16] Governance Architecture — Tractatus AI Safety Framework. https://agenticgovernance.digital/architecture.html
[17] Institut Momentum synthesis [2] — three independent autopilots; conditions rather than turnkey solutions; agility versus adaptability; durer et transmettre; Fleury on fragility and vulnerability [via Hamant]; the inversion of the entry constraint.
[18] Structure-Preserving Transformation: correction by annotation, audit logs interpretable across versions, prior governance decisions remaining valid. See [15] and [16].
[19] Weil, S. (1940–41). L’Iliade ou le poème de la force. Cahiers du Sud, December 1940 and January 1941, published under the pseudonym Émile Novis. English: trans. Mary McCarthy, Politics, November 1945; current edition ed. J. P. Holoka, Simone Weil’s The Iliad or the Poem of Force: A Critical Edition (New York: Peter Lang, 2003).
[20] Institut Momentum synthesis [2] — the performant algorithm that cuts the conversation short, against language with its errors, redundancies and heterogeneity.
[21] Serres, M. (1990). Le Contrat Naturel. Paris: François Bourin. Institute self-description: connaissances situées et impliquées — see [1].
[22] Research Timeline — Tractatus AI Safety Framework. https://agenticgovernance.digital/timeline.html — “My own preference settled on Hannah Arendt, who remains the clearest account I know of how values drift — how a thing goes wrong without anyone deciding to do wrong. That is the question the architecture is built to answer.”
[23] Arendt, H. (1971). “Thinking and Moral Considerations: A Lecture.” Social Research, 38(3), 417-446, at p. 417 — “a curious, quite authentic inability to think”; reprinted in Responsibility and Judgment (New York: Schocken, 2003). See also Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (New York: Viking Press, 1963) and The Life of the Mind (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978) for the banality of evil as thoughtlessness. See also Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, “Hannah Arendt.” https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/arendt/
[24] Stroh, J. (2026). Sovereignty Without Dominance. https://agenticgovernance.digital/papers/sovereignty-without-dominance.html — “Why now: normalisation, and the closing window”; and the immutable constitutional layer as the structural answer to values eroded by discretion. Published in English, German, French, te reo Māori and Dutch.
[25] Governance — Tractatus AI Safety Framework. https://agenticgovernance.digital/governance.html — instructions fade, boundaries drift, audit trails become unreliable when agents optimise through training loops. Limitations: see [16].
[26] Arendt, H. (1970). On Violence. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World — bureaucracy as rule by Nobody; tyranny without a tyrant.
[27] Stroh, J. (2026). You Will Not Be Told. https://agenticgovernance.digital/you-will-not-be-told — “Nobody decided this”: rule by Nobody applied to platform terms; individual harms have defendants, the drift has none.
[28] Arendt, H. (1982). Lectures on Kant’s Political Philosophy, ed. R. Beiner. University of Chicago Press (delivered 1970) — the distinction between cognition, thinking and judgment.
[29] Alexander, C. (2002). The Nature of Order, Book Two: The Process of Creating Life. Berkeley: Center for Environmental Structure. See also A Pattern Language (Oxford University Press, 1977) and The Timeless Way of Building (Oxford University Press, 1979).
[30] Stroh, J. (2026). Executive Brief: Tractatus-Based LLM Architecture for AI Safety, “The Limits of the Framework”, proposition 12.1: “Values cannot be automated, only verified.” https://agenticgovernance.digital/docs-viewer.html?slug=executive-summary-tractatus-inflection-point
[31] Institut Momentum synthesis [2] — the decider as facilitator; the robust question and the CO₂ example; the death projects of the ultra-performant. The African proverb: Daily Science interview [1].
[32] larobustesse.org — competition, collaboration and cooperation as three distinct terms; and the Institut Momentum synthesis [2]. CC BY-SA 4.0.
[33] PRISMES interview [12] — cooperation between direct competitors in the French construction sector under material shortage.
[34] Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge University Press. The common good as a faire commun: Institut Momentum synthesis [2].
[35] Robustness in the local administration’s 2030 strategic vision: PRISMES interview [12]. larobustesse.org as an open commons, CC BY-SA 4.0, funded by the Région wallonne, with monthly public sessions. See [32].
[36] Berlin, I. (1969). Four Essays on Liberty. Oxford University Press. Note: Berlin’s negative/positive liberty distinction is used in this project against the platform’s own temptation to optimise, not against communities — see [15].
[37] Ostrom’s eight design principles as reproduced by Hamant, with the gloss “the porous membrane”: Institut Momentum synthesis [2]. Primary source: Ostrom [34].
[38] Weil, S. (1949). L’Enracinement : prélude à une déclaration des devoirs envers l’être humain. Paris: Gallimard, collection Espoir, ed. Albert Camus (written 1943). English: The Need for Roots (Routledge Classics); also trans. R. Schwartz & K. Kirkpatrick as Prelude to a Declaration of Obligations Towards the Human Being (Penguin, 2023). See also Waiting for God (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1951) for attention.
[39] Taiuru, K. — Kaupapa Māori AI Framework: Te Tiriti-grounded principles for AI consent, Māori data sovereignty and full-chain accountability. https://www.taiuru.co.nz. See also Te Mana Raraunga (https://www.temanararaunga.maori.nz), the CARE Principles (https://www.gida-global.org/careprinciples) and OCAP (https://fnigc.ca).
[40] Te Urewera Act 2014 (NZ) — legal personality conferred on Te Urewera.
[41] Te Awa Tupua (Whanganui River Claims Settlement) Act 2017 (NZ), Public Act No 7. Section 12 records the Te Awa Tupua recognition; section 14 declares Te Awa Tupua a legal person with all the rights, powers, duties and liabilities of a legal person, exercised by Te Pou Tupua. https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2017/0007/latest/whole.html
[42] Hamant, O. (2024). De l’incohérence : philosophie politique de la robustesse. Paris: Odile Jacob. ISBN 978-2-415-00795-9. See also La troisième voie du vivant (Odile Jacob, 2022); Antidote au culte de la performance : la robustesse du vivant (Gallimard, Tracts n° 50, 2023); Hamant, O., Charbonnier, O., & Enlart, S. (2025). L’Entreprise robuste (Odile Jacob). (No English trade edition at the time of writing.)
[43] Hamant, O. (2021). “Learning from nature.” GTI Forum Interrogating the Anthropocene: Truth and Fallacy?, Great Transition Initiative, February 2021. https://greattransition.org/gti-forum/anthropocene-hamant — Illich’s counterproductivity; and the caveat on transferring the biological standpoint to human societies.
[44] Grumbach, S., & Hamant, O. (2018). Digital revolution or Anthropocenic feedback? The Anthropocene Review, 5(1), 87–96. doi:10.1177/2053019617748337. Open access: https://inria.hal.science/hal-01227303
[45] Grumbach, S., & Hamant, O. (2020). How humans may co-exist with Earth? The case for suboptimal systems. Anthropocene, 30, 100245. doi:10.1016/j.ancene.2020.100245. Erratum: doi:10.1016/j.ancene.2020.100276
[46] Grumbach, S. (2017). Digital platforms: a new grammar for territories? Ethics in Progress, 8(1), 101–116. doi:10.14746/eip.2017.1.7
Peer-reviewed. [7] [8] [44] [45] [46]
Authored by Hamant in English. [43]
Hamant’s books (French only). [42]
Interviews and seminar syntheses — spoken sources, attributed as such at every point of use. [2] [12] and the Daily Science interview at [1]. Also: Sismique podcast ep. 140, https://www.sismique.fr/episodes/140-performance-turbulences-et-robustesse-olivier-hamant; Favrot, L. (2022), « La décentralisation apporte de la robustesse », Mag2Lyon, https://www.mag2lyon.fr/la-decentralisation-apporte-de-la-robustesse/
Referenced through Hamant — not read in the original. [6] Aubin on viability theory; Fleury on fragility and vulnerability, at [17].
This project’s own published positions. [15] [16] [22] [24] [25] [27] [30]. Further: The Approach (https://agenticgovernance.digital/approach.html); Glossary (https://agenticgovernance.digital/glossary.html, 316 entries, CC BY 4.0, English and te reo Māori); Paper A v4, Sovereign-Record Architecture for Community-Scale Platforms (https://agenticgovernance.digital/papers/sovereign-record-architecture-v4-may-2026.html); Paper B synopsis, Situated Language Layers (https://agenticgovernance.digital/papers/sovereign-sll-synopsis-may-2026.html); Distributive Equity Through Structure (https://agenticgovernance.digital/whitepapers/distributive-equity.html); Architectural Alignment (https://agenticgovernance.digital/architectural-alignment.html); Plural Values in Living Organisations (https://agenticgovernance.digital/papers/plural-values-living-organisations-ai-may-2026.html).
Philosophy — primary texts. [19] [23] [26] [28] [29] [36] [38]. Wittgenstein, L. (1921). Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entries on Value Pluralism, Isaiah Berlin, Simone Weil, Hannah Arendt and Wittgenstein: https://plato.stanford.edu
Indigenous data sovereignty and legal standing. [39] [40] [41]
Referenced directly, other. [3] [5] [9] [21] [34]
She appears in two distinct roles, and the citations should not be run together.
PLACEHOLDER_SPLIT In Plural Values in Living Organisations she is cited via The Human Condition (1958) for plurality — the human condition of being many, each life its own perspective, none reducible to any other — alongside Berlin and Raz. In Sovereignty Without Dominance [24] and in this essay she is cited via the 1971 lecture “Thinking and Moral Considerations”, with Eichmann in Jerusalem and The Life of the Mind alongside it [23], for normalisation and thoughtlessness. Two arguments, two works, one thinker. A reader following one should not be left assuming the other.
On the standing of the borrowing. You Will Not Be Told [27] introduces “rule by Nobody” with the qualifier whatever one makes of the borrowing, and then supplies a test that does not depend on the philosophy: when the terms change under you, who do you ring? This essay keeps that order. The concept earns its place by the test, not by the name attached to it.